Getting around North Macedonia (FYR Macedonia)
Road travel is the main way of getting around North Macedonia. The country's relatively small size means that most destinations can be reached within a few hours by car or coach, making road transport both practical and popular.
The main highways are generally in good condition, particularly the A1 motorway linking the Serbian and Greek borders via Skopje. Major roads connecting Skopje with cities such as Tetovo, Bitola, Ohrid and Štip are usually well maintained, though some rural and mountain roads can be narrower, winding and affected by potholes.
Driving can be a convenient option for travellers wishing to explore national parks, mountain villages and rural areas at their own pace. Traffic in Skopje can become congested during peak hours, while driving standards elsewhere can vary. Caution is advised on rural roads, especially at night or during winter weather conditions.
Fuel stations are common along major roads and motorways, but can be less frequent in remote areas. Toll roads operate on parts of the motorway network, and tolls are usually payable in cash or by card.
Road conditions in North Macedonia are generally good on major highways and main intercity routes. Motorways linking Skopje with destinations such as Tetovo, Veles and Gevgelija are usually well-maintained and provide relatively smooth travel.
Road quality can vary more noticeably on secondary and rural roads. In some areas, particularly in mountainous regions and smaller villages, roads may be narrower, uneven or affected by potholes. Sharp bends and steep gradients are common on mountain routes, requiring extra caution.
Winter weather can affect driving conditions, especially in higher-altitude areas where snow and ice are common. Roads on major routes are normally cleared quickly, but smaller roads may remain hazardous during severe weather.
Road signs are generally clear and use both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets on major routes.
North Macedonia's road network is divided into motorways, national roads, regional roads and local roads.
Motorways form the backbone of the network and are designated with the letter "A" followed by a number. The most important route is the A1 motorway, which runs north–south through the country as part of Pan-European Corridor X, linking the Serbian and Greek borders via Skopje. Motorways are generally the best-maintained roads and are subject to toll charges on certain sections.
National roads connect major towns, cities and border crossings, while regional roads provide access to smaller towns, villages and rural areas.
Car hire is widely available in North Macedonia, particularly in Skopje, Ohrid and at Skopje International Airport (SKP) and Ohrid St. Paul the Apostle Airport (OHD). Both international and local car hire companies operate in the country.
Hiring a car can be a convenient way to explore North Macedonia, especially for travellers wishing to visit rural areas, national parks and smaller towns where public transport may be less frequent.
Drivers must usually be at least 21 years old, although some companies require drivers to be 23 or older for certain vehicle categories. Young driver surcharges may apply to drivers under 25.
A valid national driving licence is generally accepted for short visits. However, some rental companies may also require an International Driving Permit, particularly for licences not issued in the Latin alphabet.
Most rental vehicles have a manual transmission, though automatic vehicles are available in limited numbers and should be booked in advance. Comprehensive insurance is recommended, especially when driving on rural or mountain roads.
Taxis are widely available in cities and towns across North Macedonia. They are particularly common in Skopje, where taxis can usually be hailed on the street, found at designated taxi ranks or booked by telephone or mobile app.
Licensed taxis are generally metered, although travellers should ensure that the meter is running before starting the journey. Taxi fares in North Macedonia are relatively affordable by European standards.
In Skopje, taxis are often white, yellow or red, though colours vary depending on the company. Many taxis display the company name and licence information on the vehicle.
Ride-hailing services are less developed than in many Western European countries, although some local taxi-booking apps operate in larger cities. Traditional taxis remain the dominant form of on-demand urban transport.
Cycling is becoming increasingly popular in North Macedonia, particularly in and around cities such as Skopje and Ohrid. The country's mountain scenery and quieter rural roads also attract touring and recreational cyclists.
Dedicated cycling infrastructure remains limited outside a few urban areas, and cyclists often share the road with motor traffic. Conditions can vary considerably, with some roads lacking proper shoulders or cycle lanes.
Traffic in larger cities, particularly Skopje, can be busy and unpredictable, so cyclists should exercise caution. Wearing a helmet and high-visibility clothing is strongly recommended.
Bicycle hire is available in some tourist areas, especially around Ohrid and Skopje, though availability may be seasonal.
Coach travel is one of the most common and practical ways to travel around North Macedonia. An extensive network of long-distance and regional bus services connects Skopje with towns and cities throughout the country.
Skopje's main bus station serves as the country's primary transport hub, with regular departures to destinations such as Ohrid, Bitola, Tetovo, Struga, Štip and Kumanovo. Services are generally affordable and often more frequent than rail connections.
Journey times can vary depending on road conditions and traffic, particularly during weekends, holidays and the summer tourist season. Mountain routes may also take longer due to winding roads.
Most coaches and intercity buses are comfortable enough for medium-distance travel, though standards can vary between operators. Smaller minibuses are commonly used on regional and rural routes.
Tickets can usually be purchased at bus stations shortly before departure, although booking ahead may be advisable during busy travel periods, particularly on routes to Ohrid during summer.
Traffic drives on the right in North Macedonia.
The minimum driving age is 18 years old. Seat belts must be worn by all passengers, and the use of mobile phones while driving is prohibited unless using a hands-free system.
The speed limits are generally 50kph (31mph) in built-up areas, 80kph (50mph) outside urban areas, 100kph (62mph) on expressways and 130kph (81mph) on motorways, unless otherwise indicated.
The legal blood alcohol limit for most drivers is 0.05%, although stricter limits may apply to professional and newly qualified drivers. Penalties for drink-driving, speeding and other traffic offences can be severe and may include on-the-spot fines.
Headlights must be used at all times, including during daylight hours. Winter tyres or equivalent equipment are mandatory in North Macedonia from 15th November to 15th March.
Breakdown assistance is available in North Macedonia through local garages, towing companies and roadside assistance services. Assistance is generally easier to obtain in and around larger cities such as Skopje, Bitola and Ohrid.
Motorway patrol and recovery services operate on major highways, though response times may be longer in rural or mountainous areas.
Travellers driving their own vehicles are strongly advised to ensure they have adequate breakdown cover and insurance valid for North Macedonia before entering the country. For visitors using hire cars, the rental company should be the first point of contact in the event of a breakdown, flat tyre or accident. Emergency services can be contacted by dialling 112.
Foreign drivers must carry a valid driving licence, vehicle registration documents and proof of insurance while driving in North Macedonia. An International Driving Permit is recommended, particularly for licences not issued in the Latin alphabet, although many foreign licences are accepted for short visits.
Drivers using their own vehicles may also be asked to show proof of ownership or a letter of authorisation if driving a vehicle registered in another person's name. Visitors entering North Macedonia with a foreign-registered vehicle should ensure their insurance policy is valid for the country. A Green Card may be required as proof of international motor insurance. Vehicle documents and identification should also be carried at all times, as police checks can occur on major roads and at border crossings.
Urban transport in North Macedonia is centred around buses, taxis and private cars. Public transport systems are most developed in Skopje, while smaller towns generally rely on local buses and taxis.
Skopje has an extensive bus network operated by public and private companies. Red double-decker buses, introduced as part of the city's modernisation programme, are a distinctive feature of the capital. Buses connect most parts of the city and are the main form of public transport for residents and visitors alike.
Traffic congestion can be heavy in central Skopje during rush hours, particularly on weekday mornings and evenings. Parking in busy parts of the capital can also be limited.
Other towns and cities, including Ohrid, Bitola and Tetovo, have smaller local bus networks, though taxis are often the more convenient option for shorter journeys.
Walking is practical in many city centres, especially in areas such as Skopje's Old Bazaar and the lakeside centre of Ohrid, where many attractions, cafés and restaurants are located within a relatively compact area.
Rail travel in North Macedonia is inexpensive and can be a scenic way to travel through parts of the country, although services are generally slower and less frequent than coach travel.
Skopje Railway Station is the country's main rail hub. Domestic train services connect the capital with destinations including Bitola, Veles, Kumanovo, Gevgelija and Kochani. Train services are operated by Macedonian Railways. Standards can vary, and delays are common, particularly on older routes. Facilities on trains are usually basic, though journeys are generally comfortable enough for medium-distance travel. Tickets are usually inexpensive and can be purchased at railway stations before departure.
Domestic travel by water in North Macedonia is used mainly for tourism and leisure rather than transport. Boat trips and sightseeing cruises operate on Lake Ohrid, particularly around the towns of Ohrid and Struga. These excursions range from short lake cruises to longer trips visiting lakeside churches, monasteries and beaches. Small boats also operate on parts of Lake Prespa, although services are limited and mainly seasonal.
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